Work with Multi-Band Rasters (Advance)

Last updated on 2024-01-08 | Edit this page

Overview

Questions

  • How can I visualize individual and multiple bands in a raster object?

Objectives

  • Identify a single vs. a multi-band raster file.
  • Import multi-band rasters into R using the terra package.
  • Plot multi-band color image rasters in R using the ggplot package.

Things You’ll Need To Complete This Episode

See the lesson homepage for detailed information about the software, data, and other prerequisites you will need to work through the examples in this episode.

We introduced multi-band raster data in an earlier lesson. This episode explores how to import and plot a multi-band raster in R.

Getting Started with Multi-Band Data in R


In this episode, the multi-band data that we are working with is imagery collected using the NEON Airborne Observation Platform high resolution camera over the NEON Harvard Forest field site. Each RGB image is a 3-band raster. The same steps would apply to working with a multi-spectral image with 4 or more bands - like Landsat imagery.

By using the rast() function along with the lyrs parameter, we can read specific raster bands (i.e. the first one); omitting this parater would read instead all bands.

R

RGB_band1_HARV <- 
  rast("data/NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARV/RGB_Imagery/HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif", 
       lyrs = 1)

We need to convert this data to a data frame in order to plot it with ggplot.

R

RGB_band1_HARV_df  <- as.data.frame(RGB_band1_HARV, xy = TRUE)

R

ggplot() +
  geom_raster(data = RGB_band1_HARV_df,
              aes(x = x, y = y, alpha = HARV_RGB_Ortho_1)) + 
  coord_quickmap()

Challenge

View the attributes of this band. What are its dimensions, CRS, resolution, min and max values, and band number?

R

RGB_band1_HARV

OUTPUT

class       : SpatRaster 
dimensions  : 2317, 3073, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
resolution  : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)
extent      : 731998.5, 732766.8, 4712956, 4713536  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
coord. ref. : WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N (EPSG:32618) 
source      : HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif 
name        : HARV_RGB_Ortho_1 
min value   :                0 
max value   :              255 

Notice that when we look at the attributes of this band, we see: dimensions : 2317, 3073, 1 (nrow, ncol, nlyr)

This is R telling us that we read only one its bands.

Data Tip

The number of bands associated with a raster’s file can also be determined using the describe() function: syntax is describe(sources(RGB_band1_HARV)).

Image Raster Data Values

As we saw in the previous exercise, this raster contains values between 0 and 255. These values represent degrees of brightness associated with the image band. In the case of a RGB image (red, green and blue), band 1 is the red band. When we plot the red band, larger numbers (towards 255) represent pixels with more red in them (a strong red reflection). Smaller numbers (towards 0) represent pixels with less red in them (less red was reflected). To plot an RGB image, we mix red + green + blue values into one single color to create a full color image - similar to the color image a digital camera creates.

Import A Specific Band

We can use the rast() function to import specific bands in our raster object by specifying which band we want with lyrs = N (N represents the band number we want to work with). To import the green band, we would use lyrs = 2.

R

RGB_band2_HARV <-  
  rast("data/NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARV/RGB_Imagery/HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif", 
       lyrs = 2)

We can convert this data to a data frame and plot the same way we plotted the red band:

R

RGB_band2_HARV_df <- as.data.frame(RGB_band2_HARV, xy = TRUE)

R

ggplot() +
  geom_raster(data = RGB_band2_HARV_df,
              aes(x = x, y = y, alpha = HARV_RGB_Ortho_2)) + 
  coord_equal()

Challenge: Making Sense of Single Band Images

Compare the plots of band 1 (red) and band 2 (green). Is the forested area darker or lighter in band 2 (the green band) compared to band 1 (the red band)?

We’d expect a brighter value for the forest in band 2 (green) than in band 1 (red) because the leaves on trees of most often appear “green” - healthy leaves reflect MORE green light than red light.

Raster Stacks in R


Next, we will work with all three image bands (red, green and blue) as an R raster object. We will then plot a 3-band composite, or full color, image.

To bring in all bands of a multi-band raster, we use therast() function.

R

RGB_stack_HARV <- 
  rast("data/NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARV/RGB_Imagery/HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif")

Let’s preview the attributes of our stack object:

R

RGB_stack_HARV

OUTPUT

class       : SpatRaster 
dimensions  : 2317, 3073, 3  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
resolution  : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)
extent      : 731998.5, 732766.8, 4712956, 4713536  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
coord. ref. : WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N (EPSG:32618) 
source      : HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif 
names       : HARV_RGB_Ortho_1, HARV_RGB_Ortho_2, HARV_RGB_Ortho_3 
min values  :                0,                0,                0 
max values  :              255,              255,              255 

We can view the attributes of each band in the stack in a single output. For example, if we had hundreds of bands, we could specify which band we’d like to view attributes for using an index value:

R

RGB_stack_HARV[[2]]

OUTPUT

class       : SpatRaster 
dimensions  : 2317, 3073, 1  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
resolution  : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)
extent      : 731998.5, 732766.8, 4712956, 4713536  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
coord. ref. : WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N (EPSG:32618) 
source      : HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif 
name        : HARV_RGB_Ortho_2 
min value   :                0 
max value   :              255 

We can also use the ggplot functions to plot the data in any layer of our raster object. Remember, we need to convert to a data frame first.

R

RGB_stack_HARV_df  <- as.data.frame(RGB_stack_HARV, xy = TRUE)

Each band in our RasterStack gets its own column in the data frame. Thus we have:

R

str(RGB_stack_HARV_df)

OUTPUT

'data.frame':	7120141 obs. of  5 variables:
 $ x               : num  731999 731999 731999 731999 732000 ...
 $ y               : num  4713535 4713535 4713535 4713535 4713535 ...
 $ HARV_RGB_Ortho_1: num  0 2 6 0 16 0 0 6 1 5 ...
 $ HARV_RGB_Ortho_2: num  1 0 9 0 5 0 4 2 1 0 ...
 $ HARV_RGB_Ortho_3: num  0 10 1 0 17 0 4 0 0 7 ...

Let’s create a histogram of the first band:

R

ggplot() +
  geom_histogram(data = RGB_stack_HARV_df, aes(HARV_RGB_Ortho_1))

OUTPUT

`stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.

And a raster plot of the second band:

R

ggplot() +
  geom_raster(data = RGB_stack_HARV_df,
              aes(x = x, y = y, alpha = HARV_RGB_Ortho_2)) + 
  coord_quickmap()

We can access any individual band in the same way.

Create A Three Band Image

To render a final three band, colored image in R, we use the plotRGB() function.

This function allows us to:

  1. Identify what bands we want to render in the red, green and blue regions. The plotRGB() function defaults to a 1=red, 2=green, and 3=blue band order. However, you can define what bands you’d like to plot manually. Manual definition of bands is useful if you have, for example a near-infrared band and want to create a color infrared image.
  2. Adjust the stretch of the image to increase or decrease contrast.

Let’s plot our 3-band image. Note that we can use the plotRGB() function directly with our RasterStack object (we don’t need a dataframe as this function isn’t part of the ggplot2 package).

R

plotRGB(RGB_stack_HARV,
        r = 1, g = 2, b = 3)

The image above looks pretty good. We can explore whether applying a stretch to the image might improve clarity and contrast using stretch="lin" or stretch="hist".

Image Stretch

When the range of pixel brightness values is closer to 0, a darker image is rendered by default. We can stretch the values to extend to the full 0-255 range of potential values to increase the visual contrast of the image.

Image Stretch light

When the range of pixel brightness values is closer to 255, a lighter image is rendered by default. We can stretch the values to extend to the full 0-255 range of potential values to increase the visual contrast of the image.

R

plotRGB(RGB_stack_HARV,
        r = 1, g = 2, b = 3,
        scale = 800,
        stretch = "lin")

R

plotRGB(RGB_stack_HARV,
        r = 1, g = 2, b = 3,
        scale = 800,
        stretch = "hist")

In this case, the stretch doesn’t enhance the contrast our image significantly given the distribution of reflectance (or brightness) values is distributed well between 0 and 255.

Challenge - NoData Values

Let’s explore what happens with NoData values when working with RasterStack objects and using the plotRGB() function. We will use the HARV_Ortho_wNA.tif GeoTIFF file in the NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARVRGB_Imagery/ directory.

  1. View the files attributes. Are there NoData values assigned for this file?
  2. If so, what is the NoData Value?
  3. How many bands does it have?
  4. Load the multi-band raster file into R.
  5. Plot the object as a true color image.
  6. What happened to the black edges in the data?
  7. What does this tell us about the difference in the data structure between HARV_Ortho_wNA.tif and HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif (R object RGB_stack). How can you check?
  1. First we use the describe() function to view the data attributes.

R

describe("data/NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARV/RGB_Imagery/HARV_Ortho_wNA.tif")

OUTPUT

 [1] "Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
 [2] "Files: data/NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARV/RGB_Imagery/HARV_Ortho_wNA.tif"                                                                                                                                                                                               
 [3] "Size is 3073, 2317"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
 [4] "Coordinate System is:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
 [5] "PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
 [6] "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
 [7] "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
 [8] "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
 [9] "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[10] "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[11] "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
[12] "        ID[\"EPSG\",4326]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[13] "    CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 18N\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
[14] "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[15] "            ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[16] "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[17] "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[18] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[19] "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",-75,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
[20] "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[21] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[22] "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
[23] "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[24] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[25] "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[26] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[27] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[28] "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[29] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[30] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
[31] "    CS[Cartesian,2],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[32] "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[33] "            ORDER[1],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[34] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[35] "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[36] "            ORDER[2],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[37] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[38] "    USAGE["                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[39] "        SCOPE[\"Engineering survey, topographic mapping.\"],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
[40] "        AREA[\"Between 78°W and 72°W, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bahamas. Canada - Nunavut; Ontario; Quebec. Colombia. Cuba. Ecuador. Greenland. Haiti. Jamica. Panama. Turks and Caicos Islands. United States (USA). Venezuela.\"],"
[41] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
[42] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[43] "Data axis to CRS axis mapping: 1,2"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
[44] "Origin = (731998.500000000000000,4713535.500000000000000)"                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[45] "Pixel Size = (0.250000000000000,-0.250000000000000)"                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[46] "Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[47] "  AREA_OR_POINT=Area"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[48] "Image Structure Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[49] "  COMPRESSION=LZW"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
[50] "  INTERLEAVE=PIXEL"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
[51] "Corner Coordinates:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[52] "Upper Left  (  731998.500, 4713535.500) ( 72d10'29.27\"W, 42d32'21.80\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[53] "Lower Left  (  731998.500, 4712956.250) ( 72d10'30.11\"W, 42d32' 3.04\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[54] "Upper Right (  732766.750, 4713535.500) ( 72d 9'55.63\"W, 42d32'20.97\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[55] "Lower Right (  732766.750, 4712956.250) ( 72d 9'56.48\"W, 42d32' 2.21\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[56] "Center      (  732382.625, 4713245.875) ( 72d10'12.87\"W, 42d32'12.00\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[57] "Band 1 Block=3073x1 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Gray"                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
[58] "  Min=0.000 Max=255.000 "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[59] "  Minimum=0.000, Maximum=255.000, Mean=107.837, StdDev=30.019"                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
[60] "  NoData Value=-9999"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[61] "  Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[62] "    STATISTICS_MAXIMUM=255"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[63] "    STATISTICS_MEAN=107.83651227531"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[64] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=0"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[65] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=30.019177549096"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[66] "Band 2 Block=3073x1 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Undefined"                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[67] "  Min=0.000 Max=255.000 "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[68] "  Minimum=0.000, Maximum=255.000, Mean=130.096, StdDev=32.002"                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
[69] "  NoData Value=-9999"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[70] "  Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[71] "    STATISTICS_MAXIMUM=255"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[72] "    STATISTICS_MEAN=130.09595363812"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[73] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=0"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[74] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=32.001675868273"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[75] "Band 3 Block=3073x1 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Undefined"                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[76] "  Min=0.000 Max=255.000 "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[77] "  Minimum=0.000, Maximum=255.000, Mean=95.760, StdDev=16.577"                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
[78] "  NoData Value=-9999"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[79] "  Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[80] "    STATISTICS_MAXIMUM=255"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[81] "    STATISTICS_MEAN=95.759787935476"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[82] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=0"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[83] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=16.577042076977"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
  1. From the output above, we see that there are NoData values and they are assigned the value of -9999.

  2. The data has three bands.

  3. To read in the file, we will use the rast() function:

R

HARV_NA <- 
  rast("data/NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARV/RGB_Imagery/HARV_Ortho_wNA.tif")
  1. We can plot the data with the plotRGB() function:

R

plotRGB(HARV_NA,
        r = 1, g = 2, b = 3)
  1. The black edges are not plotted.

  2. Both data sets have NoData values, however, in the RGB_stack the NoData value is not defined in the tiff tags, thus R renders them as black as the reflectance values are 0. The black edges in the other file are defined as -9999 and R renders them as NA.

R

describe("data/NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARV/RGB_Imagery/HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif")

OUTPUT

 [1] "Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
 [2] "Files: data/NEON-DS-Airborne-Remote-Sensing/HARV/RGB_Imagery/HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif"                                                                                                                                                                                               
 [3] "Size is 3073, 2317"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
 [4] "Coordinate System is:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
 [5] "PROJCRS[\"WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
 [6] "    BASEGEOGCRS[\"WGS 84\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
 [7] "        DATUM[\"World Geodetic System 1984\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
 [8] "            ELLIPSOID[\"WGS 84\",6378137,298.257223563,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
 [9] "                LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[10] "        PRIMEM[\"Greenwich\",0,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[11] "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
[12] "        ID[\"EPSG\",4326]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[13] "    CONVERSION[\"UTM zone 18N\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
[14] "        METHOD[\"Transverse Mercator\","                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[15] "            ID[\"EPSG\",9807]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[16] "        PARAMETER[\"Latitude of natural origin\",0,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[17] "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[18] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8801]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[19] "        PARAMETER[\"Longitude of natural origin\",-75,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
[20] "            ANGLEUNIT[\"degree\",0.0174532925199433],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[21] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8802]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[22] "        PARAMETER[\"Scale factor at natural origin\",0.9996,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
[23] "            SCALEUNIT[\"unity\",1],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[24] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8805]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[25] "        PARAMETER[\"False easting\",500000,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[26] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[27] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8806]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
[28] "        PARAMETER[\"False northing\",0,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[29] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[30] "            ID[\"EPSG\",8807]]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
[31] "    CS[Cartesian,2],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[32] "        AXIS[\"(E)\",east,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[33] "            ORDER[1],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[34] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[35] "        AXIS[\"(N)\",north,"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[36] "            ORDER[2],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[37] "            LENGTHUNIT[\"metre\",1]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
[38] "    USAGE["                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[39] "        SCOPE[\"Engineering survey, topographic mapping.\"],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
[40] "        AREA[\"Between 78°W and 72°W, northern hemisphere between equator and 84°N, onshore and offshore. Bahamas. Canada - Nunavut; Ontario; Quebec. Colombia. Cuba. Ecuador. Greenland. Haiti. Jamica. Panama. Turks and Caicos Islands. United States (USA). Venezuela.\"],"
[41] "        BBOX[0,-78,84,-72]],"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
[42] "    ID[\"EPSG\",32618]]"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[43] "Data axis to CRS axis mapping: 1,2"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
[44] "Origin = (731998.500000000000000,4713535.500000000000000)"                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[45] "Pixel Size = (0.250000000000000,-0.250000000000000)"                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[46] "Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[47] "  AREA_OR_POINT=Area"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
[48] "Image Structure Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[49] "  COMPRESSION=LZW"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
[50] "  INTERLEAVE=PIXEL"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
[51] "Corner Coordinates:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
[52] "Upper Left  (  731998.500, 4713535.500) ( 72d10'29.27\"W, 42d32'21.80\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[53] "Lower Left  (  731998.500, 4712956.250) ( 72d10'30.11\"W, 42d32' 3.04\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[54] "Upper Right (  732766.750, 4713535.500) ( 72d 9'55.63\"W, 42d32'20.97\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[55] "Lower Right (  732766.750, 4712956.250) ( 72d 9'56.48\"W, 42d32' 2.21\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[56] "Center      (  732382.625, 4713245.875) ( 72d10'12.87\"W, 42d32'12.00\"N)"                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[57] "Band 1 Block=3073x1 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Gray"                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
[58] "  Min=0.000 Max=255.000 "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[59] "  Minimum=0.000, Maximum=255.000, Mean=nan, StdDev=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
[60] "  NoData Value=-1.69999999999999994e+308"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[61] "  Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[62] "    STATISTICS_MAXIMUM=255"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[63] "    STATISTICS_MEAN=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[64] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=0"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[65] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[66] "Band 2 Block=3073x1 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Undefined"                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[67] "  Min=0.000 Max=255.000 "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[68] "  Minimum=0.000, Maximum=255.000, Mean=nan, StdDev=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
[69] "  NoData Value=-1.69999999999999994e+308"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[70] "  Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[71] "    STATISTICS_MAXIMUM=255"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[72] "    STATISTICS_MEAN=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[73] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=0"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[74] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
[75] "Band 3 Block=3073x1 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Undefined"                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[76] "  Min=0.000 Max=255.000 "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[77] "  Minimum=0.000, Maximum=255.000, Mean=nan, StdDev=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
[78] "  NoData Value=-1.69999999999999994e+308"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[79] "  Metadata:"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
[80] "    STATISTICS_MAXIMUM=255"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
[81] "    STATISTICS_MEAN=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
[82] "    STATISTICS_MINIMUM=0"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
[83] "    STATISTICS_STDDEV=nan"                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

Data Tip

We can create a raster object from several, individual single-band GeoTIFFs too. We will do this in a later episode, Raster Time Series Data in R.

SpatRaster in R


The R SpatRaster object type can handle rasters with multiple bands. The SpatRaster only holds parameters that describe the properties of raster data that is located somewhere on our computer.

A SpatRasterDataset object can hold references to sub-datasets, that is, SpatRaster objects. In most cases, we can work with a SpatRaster in the same way we might work with a SpatRasterDataset.

More Resources

You can read the help for the rast() and sds() functions by typing ?rast or ?sds.

We can build a SpatRasterDataset using a SpatRaster or a list of SpatRaster:

R

RGB_sds_HARV <- sds(RGB_stack_HARV)
RGB_sds_HARV <- sds(list(RGB_stack_HARV, RGB_stack_HARV))

We can retrieve the SpatRaster objects from a SpatRasterDataset using subsetting:

R

RGB_sds_HARV[[1]]

OUTPUT

class       : SpatRaster 
dimensions  : 2317, 3073, 3  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
resolution  : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)
extent      : 731998.5, 732766.8, 4712956, 4713536  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
coord. ref. : WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N (EPSG:32618) 
source      : HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif 
names       : HARV_RGB_Ortho_1, HARV_RGB_Ortho_2, HARV_RGB_Ortho_3 
min values  :                0,                0,                0 
max values  :              255,              255,              255 

R

RGB_sds_HARV[[2]]

OUTPUT

class       : SpatRaster 
dimensions  : 2317, 3073, 3  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
resolution  : 0.25, 0.25  (x, y)
extent      : 731998.5, 732766.8, 4712956, 4713536  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
coord. ref. : WGS 84 / UTM zone 18N (EPSG:32618) 
source      : HARV_RGB_Ortho.tif 
names       : HARV_RGB_Ortho_1, HARV_RGB_Ortho_2, HARV_RGB_Ortho_3 
min values  :                0,                0,                0 
max values  :              255,              255,              255 

Challenge: What Functions Can Be Used on an R Object of a particular class?

We can view various functions (or methods) available to use on an R object with methods(class=class(objectNameHere)). Use this to figure out:

  1. What methods can be used on the RGB_stack_HARV object?
  2. What methods can be used on a single band within RGB_stack_HARV?
  3. Why do you think there isn’t a difference?
  1. We can see a list of all of the methods available for our RasterStack object:

R

methods(class=class(RGB_stack_HARV))

OUTPUT

  [1] !                     [                     [[                   
  [4] [[<-                  [<-                   %in%                 
  [7] $                     $<-                   activeCat            
 [10] activeCat<-           add<-                 addCats              
 [13] adjacent              aggregate             align                
 [16] all.equal             allNA                 animate              
 [19] anyNA                 app                   approximate          
 [22] area                  Arith                 as.array             
 [25] as.bool               as.character          as.contour           
 [28] as.data.frame         as.factor             as.int               
 [31] as.integer            as.lines              as.list              
 [34] as.logical            as.matrix             as.numeric           
 [37] as.points             as.polygons           as.raster            
 [40] atan_2                atan2                 autocor              
 [43] barplot               blocks                boundaries           
 [46] boxplot               buffer                c                    
 [49] catalyze              categories            cats                 
 [52] cellFromRowCol        cellFromRowColCombine cellFromXY           
 [55] cells                 cellSize              clamp_ts             
 [58] clamp                 classify              click                
 [61] coerce                colFromCell           colFromX             
 [64] colorize              coltab                coltab<-             
 [67] Compare               compare               compareGeom          
 [70] concats               contour               costDist             
 [73] countNA               cover                 crds                 
 [76] crop                  crosstab              crs                  
 [79] crs<-                 datatype              deepcopy             
 [82] density               depth                 depth<-              
 [85] diff                  dim                   dim<-                
 [88] direction             disagg                distance             
 [91] droplevels            expanse               ext                  
 [94] ext<-                 extend                extract              
 [97] fillTime              flip                  focal                
[100] focal3D               focalCor              focalCpp             
[103] focalPairs            focalReg              focalValues          
[106] freq                  global                gridDist             
[109] gridDistance          has.colors            has.RGB              
[112] hasMinMax             hasValues             head                 
[115] hist                  ifel                  image                
[118] init                  inMemory              inset                
[121] interpIDW             interpNear            interpolate          
[124] intersect             is.bool               is.factor            
[127] is.finite             is.infinite           is.int               
[130] is.lonlat             is.na                 is.nan               
[133] is.related            isFALSE               isTRUE               
[136] lapp                  layerCor              levels               
[139] levels<-              linearUnits           lines                
[142] log                   Logic                 logic                
[145] longnames             longnames<-           makeTiles            
[148] mask                  match                 math                 
[151] Math                  Math2                 mean                 
[154] median                merge                 meta                 
[157] minmax                modal                 mosaic               
[160] NAflag                NAflag<-              names                
[163] names<-               ncell                 ncol                 
[166] ncol<-                nlyr                  nlyr<-               
[169] noNA                  not.na                nrow                 
[172] nrow<-                nsrc                  origin               
[175] origin<-              pairs                 panel                
[178] patches               persp                 plet                 
[181] plot                  plotRGB               points               
[184] polys                 predict               project              
[187] quantile              rangeFill             rapp                 
[190] rast                  rasterize             rasterizeGeom        
[193] rasterizeWin          rcl                   readStart            
[196] readStop              readValues            rectify              
[199] regress               relate                rep                  
[202] res                   res<-                 resample             
[205] rescale               rev                   RGB                  
[208] RGB<-                 roll                  rotate               
[211] rowColCombine         rowColFromCell        rowFromCell          
[214] rowFromY              sapp                  saveRDS              
[217] scale                 scoff                 scoff<-              
[220] sds                   segregate             sel                  
[223] selectHighest         selectRange           serialize            
[226] set.cats              set.crs               set.ext              
[229] set.names             set.RGB               set.values           
[232] setMinMax             setValues             shift                
[235] show                  sieve                 size                 
[238] sort                  sources               spatSample           
[241] split                 sprc                  stdev                
[244] str                   stretch               subset               
[247] subst                 summary               Summary              
[250] t                     tail                  tapp                 
[253] terrain               text                  tighten              
[256] time                  time<-                timeInfo             
[259] trans                 trim                  unique               
[262] units                 units<-               update               
[265] values                values<-              varnames             
[268] varnames<-            viewshed              weighted.mean        
[271] where.max             where.min             which.lyr            
[274] which.max             which.min             window               
[277] window<-              wrap                  wrapCache            
[280] writeCDF              writeRaster           writeStart           
[283] writeStop             writeValues           xFromCell            
[286] xFromCol              xmax                  xmax<-               
[289] xmin                  xmin<-                xres                 
[292] xyFromCell            yFromCell             yFromRow             
[295] ymax                  ymax<-                ymin                 
[298] ymin<-                yres                  zonal                
[301] zoom                 
see '?methods' for accessing help and source code
  1. And compare that with the methods available for a single band:

R

methods(class=class(RGB_stack_HARV[[1]]))

OUTPUT

  [1] !                     [                     [[                   
  [4] [[<-                  [<-                   %in%                 
  [7] $                     $<-                   activeCat            
 [10] activeCat<-           add<-                 addCats              
 [13] adjacent              aggregate             align                
 [16] all.equal             allNA                 animate              
 [19] anyNA                 app                   approximate          
 [22] area                  Arith                 as.array             
 [25] as.bool               as.character          as.contour           
 [28] as.data.frame         as.factor             as.int               
 [31] as.integer            as.lines              as.list              
 [34] as.logical            as.matrix             as.numeric           
 [37] as.points             as.polygons           as.raster            
 [40] atan_2                atan2                 autocor              
 [43] barplot               blocks                boundaries           
 [46] boxplot               buffer                c                    
 [49] catalyze              categories            cats                 
 [52] cellFromRowCol        cellFromRowColCombine cellFromXY           
 [55] cells                 cellSize              clamp_ts             
 [58] clamp                 classify              click                
 [61] coerce                colFromCell           colFromX             
 [64] colorize              coltab                coltab<-             
 [67] Compare               compare               compareGeom          
 [70] concats               contour               costDist             
 [73] countNA               cover                 crds                 
 [76] crop                  crosstab              crs                  
 [79] crs<-                 datatype              deepcopy             
 [82] density               depth                 depth<-              
 [85] diff                  dim                   dim<-                
 [88] direction             disagg                distance             
 [91] droplevels            expanse               ext                  
 [94] ext<-                 extend                extract              
 [97] fillTime              flip                  focal                
[100] focal3D               focalCor              focalCpp             
[103] focalPairs            focalReg              focalValues          
[106] freq                  global                gridDist             
[109] gridDistance          has.colors            has.RGB              
[112] hasMinMax             hasValues             head                 
[115] hist                  ifel                  image                
[118] init                  inMemory              inset                
[121] interpIDW             interpNear            interpolate          
[124] intersect             is.bool               is.factor            
[127] is.finite             is.infinite           is.int               
[130] is.lonlat             is.na                 is.nan               
[133] is.related            isFALSE               isTRUE               
[136] lapp                  layerCor              levels               
[139] levels<-              linearUnits           lines                
[142] log                   Logic                 logic                
[145] longnames             longnames<-           makeTiles            
[148] mask                  match                 math                 
[151] Math                  Math2                 mean                 
[154] median                merge                 meta                 
[157] minmax                modal                 mosaic               
[160] NAflag                NAflag<-              names                
[163] names<-               ncell                 ncol                 
[166] ncol<-                nlyr                  nlyr<-               
[169] noNA                  not.na                nrow                 
[172] nrow<-                nsrc                  origin               
[175] origin<-              pairs                 panel                
[178] patches               persp                 plet                 
[181] plot                  plotRGB               points               
[184] polys                 predict               project              
[187] quantile              rangeFill             rapp                 
[190] rast                  rasterize             rasterizeGeom        
[193] rasterizeWin          rcl                   readStart            
[196] readStop              readValues            rectify              
[199] regress               relate                rep                  
[202] res                   res<-                 resample             
[205] rescale               rev                   RGB                  
[208] RGB<-                 roll                  rotate               
[211] rowColCombine         rowColFromCell        rowFromCell          
[214] rowFromY              sapp                  saveRDS              
[217] scale                 scoff                 scoff<-              
[220] sds                   segregate             sel                  
[223] selectHighest         selectRange           serialize            
[226] set.cats              set.crs               set.ext              
[229] set.names             set.RGB               set.values           
[232] setMinMax             setValues             shift                
[235] show                  sieve                 size                 
[238] sort                  sources               spatSample           
[241] split                 sprc                  stdev                
[244] str                   stretch               subset               
[247] subst                 summary               Summary              
[250] t                     tail                  tapp                 
[253] terrain               text                  tighten              
[256] time                  time<-                timeInfo             
[259] trans                 trim                  unique               
[262] units                 units<-               update               
[265] values                values<-              varnames             
[268] varnames<-            viewshed              weighted.mean        
[271] where.max             where.min             which.lyr            
[274] which.max             which.min             window               
[277] window<-              wrap                  wrapCache            
[280] writeCDF              writeRaster           writeStart           
[283] writeStop             writeValues           xFromCell            
[286] xFromCol              xmax                  xmax<-               
[289] xmin                  xmin<-                xres                 
[292] xyFromCell            yFromCell             yFromRow             
[295] ymax                  ymax<-                ymin                 
[298] ymin<-                yres                  zonal                
[301] zoom                 
see '?methods' for accessing help and source code
  1. A SpatRaster is the same no matter its number of bands.

Key Points

  • A single raster file can contain multiple bands or layers.
  • Use the rast() function to load all bands in a multi-layer raster file into R.
  • Individual bands within a SpatRaster can be accessed, analyzed, and visualized using the same functions no matter how many bands it holds.